![]() Forward modeling predictions are relatively insensitive to topographic effects and layered elastic properties, somewhat sensitive to anisotropic elastic properties and Poisson's ratio, and very sensitive to the presence of weak materials within a caldera. A series of alternative model configurations relax the combined suite of HIPSHS assumptions and sequentially isolate the effects of each assumption. Inverse methods, which use an HIPSHS model, precisely locate an SES at a depth of 3100 m beneath the center of the caldera. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data suggest that Okmok volcano, Alaska, subsided more than a meter owing to lava extrusion during its 1997 eruption. This study computes surface displacement due to SESs at depth using a combination of analytical and finite element models (FEMs), for which the HIPSHS assumptions are not required. The model simulates a small spherical expansion source (SES) embedded in a homogeneous, isotropic, Poisson-solid half-space (HIPSHS). Mogi's (1958) magma intrusion model is widely used to predict observed deformation of active volcanoes.
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